شرحنا في الدرس السابق {Past Perfect Simple}
نشرح في هذا الموضوع الكلام المنقول (غير المباشر)
Reported speech
( التصاريح , الأسئلة, الأوامر, الطلبات)
(statements, questions, commands, requests)
Reported Speech (Statements)
We usually use the verb say and the words of the speaker are put in quotation marks.
Reported Speech يعني: الكلام المنقول = غير المباشر
Statements يعني: ( العبارات, التصاريح) يعني الجمل العادية التي ليست سؤال ولا امر ولا طلب.
................................
سنذكر أولا الكلام المُباشر ثم نشرح الكلام المنقول لكي نعرف الفرق بينهما.
In Direct Speech, we repeat the exact words that someone said.Statements يعني: ( العبارات, التصاريح) يعني الجمل العادية التي ليست سؤال ولا امر ولا طلب.
................................
سنذكر أولا الكلام المُباشر ثم نشرح الكلام المنقول لكي نعرف الفرق بينهما.
We usually use the verb say and the words of the speaker are put in quotation marks.
في الكلام المُباشر , نعيد نفس الكلمات التي قالها أحد ما.
عادة نستخدم الفعل say + نضع الكلمات التي يقولها المتحدث بين علامتي تنصيص (الاقتباس).
عادة نستخدم الفعل say + نضع الكلمات التي يقولها المتحدث بين علامتي تنصيص (الاقتباس).
انتبه! ان say= بمعنى يقول فيه منها ماضي اللي هو said
يعني القاعدة تُطبيق سواء ماضي أو حاضر.
يعني القاعدة تُطبيق سواء ماضي أو حاضر.
مثال:
Ian said, "Tony is on the phone."
قال إيان, "طوني على التلفون."
................................
في الكلام المنقول, ننقل معنى ما يقوله أحد ما بدون استخدام نفس كلماتهم.
الصياغة:
الصياغة:
- نستخدم عادة ( فعل إخبار) مثل say يقول أو ماضيها said أو فعل tell يخبر أو ماضيها told
- متبوع كل منهما بـ that و(التي يمكن أن نحذفها)
- ثم العبارة المنقوله.
مثال: ( انتبه للمثال التالي حيث أننا لا نستخدم علامات الاقتباس ونستخدم that التي يمكننا ان نحذفها).
Ian said that Tony was on the phone.
قال إيان أن طون كان على التلفون.
Note: ملاحظة
الملاحظة التالية تركز على فكرة متى استخدم افعال نقل الكلام say و tell يعني الفرق بينهما وعلاقتهم بالمفعول به المباشر.
• We use say when there is no indirect object.
indirect object = يعني مفعول به غير مباشر
تذكر ان الجملة عادة تتكون من فعل وفاعل ومفعول به.
وهناك افعال لا يأتي معها
نستخدم say عندما لا يكون هناك مفعول به غير مباشر.
مثال:
'I'll be there,' he said.
He said that he would be there.
He said that he would be there.
'سأكون هناك', هو قال.
هو قال أنه سيكون هناك.
• We use tell when there is an indirect object.
نستخدم tell عندما يكون هناك مفعول به غير مباشر.
مثال:
'I'll call you, Mark,' he said.
He told Mark he would call him.
• When we change a sentence from Direct to Reported Speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence.
David said that I had to take my son to the doctor.
• When a sentence changes from Direct to Reported Speech, tenses, modals and time expressions change as follows.
Tom said (that) he wanted to go to the festival.
Present Progressive -->Past Progressive
Salah said he was reading a novel.
Past Simple --> Past Perfect Simple
Pete said his mum had made some sandwiches.
Present Perfect Simple --> Past Perfect Simple
Joe said he had worked hard that day.
will --> would
Sean said he would be there soon.
can --> could
Jack said he could help me with my homework.
may --> might
Frank said he might buy him a pair of shoes.
must --> had to
Dad said I had to be home early.
now --> then
Mike said he would call him then.
here --> there
Eric said he had seen it there.
ago --> before
Bill said he had bought that house two years before.
today, tonight --> that day, that night
Don said they were having pizza for lunch that day.
yesterday --> the previous day / the day before
Dad said he had visited the doctor the previous day.
this morning/year, etc. --> that morning/year, etc.
Beth said she hadn’t bought anything that year.
tomorrow --> the next day / the following day
Len said he was flying to London the following day.
last week/month, etc. --> the previous week/month etc.
/ the week/month, etc./before
Colin said he had met them the previous year.
next week / month, etc. --> the following week/month, etc.
Bob said he would finish the report the following week.
Note: ملاحظة
• The Past Perfect and the verbs could, might, should, would and used to do not change in Reported Speech.
He told Mark he would call him.
'سأهاتفك , يا مارك' هو قال.
أخبَر مارك أنه سيهاتفه.
عندما نغير الجملة من الـ (الكلام المباشر) إلى (الكلام المنقول), فإن (الضمائر) , و (الملكية ) , و (الصفات) , تتغير وفقا لـ معنى الجملة.
يعني إذا كان احد يخطبني ويأمرني بأن أفعال الشيء الفلاني فأكيد إذا جيت أنقل كلامه فسأقولي قال لي , حقيبتي, ابني, ..الخ. يعني لازم انتبه لضمائر الملكية..الخ.
مثال:
'You have to take your son to the doctor,' said David.David said that I had to take my son to the doctor.
'يجب أن تأخذ ابنك للطبيب', قال ديفيد.
قال ديفيد أنني يجب أن آخذ ابني للطبيب.
• When a sentence changes from Direct to Reported Speech, tenses, modals and time expressions change as follows.
عندما تتغير الجملة من الـ (الكلام المباشر) -->إلى (الكلام المنقول)
فإن الأزمنة والأفعال الشكلية والتعابير الوقتية تتغير كالتالي:
Present Simple --> Past Simpleفإن الأزمنة والأفعال الشكلية والتعابير الوقتية تتغير كالتالي:
يتحول المضارع البسيط -->إلى الماضي البسيط
مثال:
Tom said, 'I want to go to the festival.'Tom said (that) he wanted to go to the festival.
Present Progressive -->Past Progressive
يتحول المضارع المستمر --> إلى الماضي المستمر
مثال:
Salah said, 'I'm reading a novel.'Salah said he was reading a novel.
Past Simple --> Past Perfect Simple
يتحول الماضي البسيط --> إلى الماضي التام
مثال:
Pete said, 'Mum made some sandwiches.'Pete said his mum had made some sandwiches.
Present Perfect Simple --> Past Perfect Simple
يتحول المضارع التام البسيط --> إلى الماضي التام البسيط
مثال:
Joe said, 'I've worked hard today.'Joe said he had worked hard that day.
will --> would
تتحول كلمة will إلــــى would
مثال:
Sean said, 'I'll be there soon.'Sean said he would be there soon.
can --> could
تتحول كلمة can إلــى could
مثال:
Jack said, 'I can help you with your homework.'Jack said he could help me with my homework.
may --> might
تتحول كلمةmay إلـــى might
مثال:
Frank said, 'I may buy him a pair of shoes.'Frank said he might buy him a pair of shoes.
must --> had to
تتحول كلمةmust إلــــى had to
مثال:
Dad said, 'You must be home early.'Dad said I had to be home early.
now --> then
تتحول كلمة now إلــى then
مثال:
Mike said, 'I’ll call him now.'Mike said he would call him then.
here --> there
تتحول كلمة here إلــى there
مثال:
Eric said, 'I saw it here.'Eric said he had seen it there.
ago --> before
تتحول كلمة ago إلـــى before
مثال:
Bill said, 'I bought this house two years ago.'Bill said he had bought that house two years before.
تتحول كلمة today إلــى the day
تتحول كلمة tonight إلـــى that night
مثال:
Don said, 'We're having pizza for lunch today.'Don said they were having pizza for lunch that day.
yesterday --> the previous day / the day before
تتحول كلمة yesterday إلـى the previous day أو the day before
مثال:
Dad said, 'I visited the doctor yesterday.'Dad said he had visited the doctor the previous day.
this morning/year, etc. --> that morning/year, etc.
تتحول the moring أو the year إلـــــــى that moring, that year
مثال:
Beth said, 'I haven’t bought anything this year.'Beth said she hadn’t bought anything that year.
tomorrow --> the next day / the following day
تتحول tomorrow إلـــى the next day أو the following day
مثال:
Len said, 'I'm flying to London tomorrow.'Len said he was flying to London the following day.
/ the week/month, etc./before
تتحول last week أو last month إلــــــــى the previous week أو the previous month .. الى آخره
و إلى the week , the month
و إلى before
مثال:
Colin said, 'I met them last year.'Colin said he had met them the previous year.
next week / month, etc. --> the following week/month, etc.
تتحول next week أو next month إلـــــى the following week أو the following month إلى آخره.
مثال:
Bob said, 'I'll finish the report next week.'Bob said he would finish the report the following week.
Note: ملاحظة
• The Past Perfect and the verbs could, might, should, would and used to do not change in Reported Speech.
الماضي التام و الأفعال could و might و should و would و used to لااااااااا تتغير في ( الكلام المنقول ) .
• The Past Progressive usually doesn’t change in Reported Speech.
عادة ( الماضي المستمر ) لاااااا يتغير في ( الكلام المنقول ).
أو عودة للفهرس ⇐ { شرح القاعدات Grammar من كتاب Traveller2 }
Reported Speech (Questions)
الكلام المنقول في صيغة (الأسئلة)
• We usually introduce reported questions with the reporting verb ask.
عادة نقدم الأسئلة المنقولة بفعل النقل ask
He asked me why he had come back.
• Reported questions follow the word order of affirmative sentences.
• If the direct question begins with a question word, the reported question also begins with the same question word.
He asked me what I was doing.
• If the direct question does not begin with a question word, the reported question begins with if/whether.
He asked me if/whether I had enjoyed dinner.
• When we change questions from Direct to Reported Speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs, etc. change in the same way as when we report statements.
Reported Speech (Commands and Requests)
The man told me to stay there.
'Don't take this away, please,' he said.
He asked me not to take that away.
الدرس التالي ⇐ { Conditional Sentences Type 2 }• Reported questions follow the word order of affirmative sentences.
الأسئلة المنقولة تتبع (كلمة الطلب) في الجمل المثبتة. لاحظ هذا في الجملة التالية:
مثال:
'Why did he come back?' he asked.• If the direct question begins with a question word, the reported question also begins with the same question word.
لو بدأ السؤال المباشر بـ (كلمة سؤال) فإن السؤال المنقول أيضا يبدأ بـ (كلمة الطلب).
نقصد بكلمة السؤال هي what, when, where ....الخ.
مثال:
'What are you doing?' he asked.He asked me what I was doing.
• If the direct question does not begin with a question word, the reported question begins with if/whether.
إذا لم يبدأ السؤال المباشر بـ (كلمة سؤال) فإن السؤال المنقول يبدأ بـ if أو whether
أمثلة:
'Did you enjoy dinner?' he asked.He asked me if/whether I had enjoyed dinner.
• When we change questions from Direct to Reported Speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs, etc. change in the same way as when we report statements.
عندما نغير الأسئلة من (المباشر) إلى (المنقول) فإن الضمائر, الأزمنة, الحال, ..الخ تتغير بنفس الطريقة عندما ننقل العبارات.
الكلام المنقول في صيغتــي ْ (الأوامر) و ( الطلبات).
• We commonly use tell when we report commands and ask when we report requests.
نستخدم عادة tell عندما ننقل (أوامر) و نستخدم ask عندما ننقل (طلبات).
• The Imperative changes to full infinitive or not + full infinitive.
( الأمر) يتغير إلى (صيغة مصدر كامل )
أو إذا كان نفي فإنه يبدأ بـ not ثم ( صيغة مصدر كامل).
الأمثلة:
'Stay there,' said the man.The man told me to stay there.
'Don't take this away, please,' he said.
He asked me not to take that away.
أو عودة للفهرس ⇐ { شرح القاعدات Grammar من كتاب Traveller2 }
https://goo.gl/DzLHPk